UPM has been involved in several controversies and conflicts:

The Fray Bentos (ex-Botnia) pulp mill in Uruguay was the target of massive protests and caused a diplomatic dispute between Uruguay and Argentina. This mill was inaugurated in 2007, under massive protests from residents and environmental groups and faced huge opposition from the Government of Argentina, which lead to the escalation of a bilateral conflict between two otherwise friendly neighbours. Local residents feared for the pollution of their drinking water and Argentina complained about the pollution of one of its prime tourist beaches, located just opposite the mill. Botnia failed to consult or address the concerns of local stakeholders and affected communities. It downplayed the impacts of the pollution. In 2009 UPM bought the operations from Metso-Botnia in Uruguay, including the Fray Bentos mill.

Until 2009, UPM’s Changsu paper mill in China was supplied with pulp from APRIL in Indonesia. But following widespread criticism of the Indonesian pulp industry, UPM announced that it would stop sourcing pulp from APRIL and instead source from its Fray Bentos pulp mill in Uruguay.

In 2017 UPM signed an agreement with the Republic of Uruguay for the construction of a new pulp mill in Paso de los Toros. In the agreement, Uruguay commits to a series of serious legislative changes and investments worth between USD one and 1.8 billion, without any commitment from UPM’s side, apart from deciding in 2020 if it will invest in a new pulp mill in Paso de los Toros. Critics have pointed out that the agreement is not beneficial for the people of Uruguay, that it was signed before an Environmental Impact Assessment was made, and that it is not legal, as it was not approved by congress. UPM will decide in 2020 if it will proceed with its plans. The EIA for this project does not cover the impact of the plantations that will be required to feed the mill. There are also strong concerns about the pollution of the relatively small Rio Negro with the effluents of the mill. Other problems include water shortage, impact of migrant workers, health impacts, among others. For more details see the Paso de los Toros Dodgy Deal pofile.

Labour rights The MoU that UPM signed in 2017 with the government intends to limit the power of unions and the right of workers to strike. A report by WRM from 2008 stresses the importance of unions, as it found that working conditions in the pulp sector had improved since 2005, when a new government came into power which allowed workers to form unions.

Conversion of natural grasslands into plantations UPM’s plantations in Uruguay are mostly established on natural grasslands. Though this does not lead to deforestation, which is a common problem in the sector, it does cause the conversion of a natural habitat into monoculture plantations, which impact the biodiversity of the ecosystem. One of the problems associated with the plantations in Uruguay is an increase in wild boars, foxes and venomous snakes. For sheep farmers this is a serious problem. The snakes have also killed pigs, calves, cows and even horses.

Water shortage UPM’s plantations for the Botnia mill in Uruguay have caused water shortage, which has seriously impacted communities in rural Uruguay. It is expected that the plantations for the Paso de los Toros mill will have similar impacts.

Logging of high-conservation value forests in Finland Though UPM has received recognition by the Carbon Disclosure Project for its efforts of deforestation-free supply chain, the company has been involved in the logging of high-conservation value forests in Finland, contributing to the deep crisis of Finland’s forests, according to Greenpeace. Several endangered habitats are located within UPMs forests, which are at risk of being logged. For example, in 2016 UPM was criticised for logging on the island of Ärjänsaari, located in a Natura 2000 area with repeated demonstrations against the logging, in 2015 for logging in Haariko between two protected areas which provide critical habitat for endangered species.