Indigenous rights and land acquisition: Godda is a district in the Santhal Pargana division of Jharkhand state, which is the hinterland of the Adivasi. Adivasis are Indigenous forest dependent communities who also practice agriculture for their survival. Santhals, an Adivasi community, form almost 34% of the tribal population in Jharkhand. The Indian Constitution (Article 244(I)) provides safeguards to these communities as they face marginalisation and exploitation. In many areas, Adivasi do not have secured land tenures, making them even more vulnerable.

The 2013 Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act was bypassed, with the state accepting Adani Group’s request for over 2,000 acres of land and declaring it to be “for public purpose”. Around 1100 acres of land has already been acquired without relevant consent procedures and neglecting laws like the Santhal Pargana Tenancy Act, which mandates a vast majority of the Indigenous land to be non-transferable by any means. Without the state intervention, Adani would have needed permission from the Indigenous farmers.

Dispossessed Indigenous farmers told Adani Watch their land was forcibly seized by the Jharkhand government on Adani’s behalf. The tactics used to acquire land between 2016 and 2018 were nothing short of bullying. At a public hearing about the land acquisition, opponents of the project were prevented from entering and protesters were assaulted by the police. The acquisition of this land threatens the Adivasi community, their livelihood and their ties to the land – spiritually, emotionally and economically. The Adivasi farmers are challenging Adani’s land grab in the Jharkhand High Court.

In total, Adani would need 1,255 acres of both privately and publicly owned land in and around 10 villages. In all, 841 families, comprising 5,339 individuals, will be affected.

Impacts on livelihoods: Adani shows a poor track record in terms of impacts of other coal power plants. Already in 2013, an independent fact-finding committee (SAPACC) demonstrated that the areas affected by the Tata Mundra power plant showed damage to mangroves and creeks, increases in noise levels, increased radioactivity near the ash ponds and a drastic reduction in fish catch. According to Ahmed Ali Illiyasa - fisherman and head of a local advocacy group of fisherfolk - fishing season ended early due to pollution and disturbance.

Health impacts: According to AdaniWatch, local doctors said that within three years of the Adani Mundra power stations commencing operations there was a 20 to 22% rise in upper respiratory-tract diseases in children. Similar impacts were observed amongst the elderly. The same effects are very likely to occur when the Adani Godda power plant is in operation.

The power plant is estimated to emit between 193.6 and 277.7 million tonnes of carbon dioxide in its lifetime with an average emission of 9.35 Mmt annually. This will significantly add to the already tremendous total amount of emission of India, being the third largest emitter in the world.

Flaws in the Environmental Impact Assessment: Adani, in its Sustainability Report of 2016-2017, only loosely assessed the environmental impact of the project. The company failed to provide the water flow and catchment details to the Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC), although the construction of such a plant will impact on the downstream flow and ecology due to water withdrawal. Adani also changed the source of water from the river Chir to the sacred river Ganges, and included the building of a 93 km pipeline to bring water to the plant. These changes alter the scope of work tremendously but this did not undergo any impact assessment.

Pollution and waste: The plant’s impacts include air pollution and water pollution due to wastewater. The Ganges river is already degraded by dams, diversions, industrial pollution, raw sewage and plastic waste, such that for almost all of its length, the river’s waters are unfit even for bathing.

Water sources: Godda is a drier region with poor ground water availability, where people are already witnessing water stress. Despite this, the project has used pumps for water withdrawal from the lands surrounding its facility for construction. The deterioration of water supply has been reported locally. The Environment Clearance clearly mentions that “no water bodies including natural drainage system in the area shall be disturbed due to activities associated with the setting up/operation of the power plant”.

Biodiversity: The meandering stretch of river has been identified as an important habitat for the Gangetic dolphin. According to the IUCN’s ‘red list’, its populations have become ‘severely fragmented’ with a total number somewhere between 2000 and 4000. The remaining dolphins are threatened by pollution, hunting, increasing boat traffic, water diversion, and fishing nets. The animal is effectively blind. It navigates and forages using echolocation. The dolphins therefore find noise from river vessels and pumping stations disorienting. Adani’s water-pumping infrastructure at Sahibganj could therefore impact the Gangetic dolphin through reducing the river’s flow and through the noise.

Climate change: It is estimated that the Godda power plant will emit between 193.6 and 277.7 million tonnes of carbon dioxide in its lifetime with an average emission of 9.35 Mmt annually. This will significantly add to the already tremendous total amount of emission of India, the third largest emitter in the world.

Financial risks: A report by IEEFA assessed that the Adani Godda coal power plant is financially unviable, given the enormous amounts of coal that need to be imported, mainly from Australia. The risk exposure is high because the plant is already burdened with large non-performing loans to coal power projects and the unalignment with the Indian energy strategy.

Burden on Bangladesh: Another impact of this project will be felt by India's neighbour, Bangladesh, which will be purchasing the Godda coal power. According to the source below, the plant is likely to deepen Bangladesh's reliance on coal power, exacerbate its energy insecurity at a time of chaotic global energy commodity markets with Russia's war in Ukraine, and burden Bangladesh with debt. The power produced will not benefit the inhabitants of Jharkhand as it will be supplied to Bangladesh instead. Supporters of the project claim this will help ‘lift Bangladesh out of poverty’. However, Bangladesh is already experiencing over-capacity and will fall into a heavy burden from external loans if the power deal proceeds. The Washington Post's disclosure in December 2022 of the confidential, 25-year power purchase agreement revealed that the conditions were heavily unfavourable to Bangladesh. It would have no caps on coal power prices regardless of market volatility. All parts of the value chain for the Godda project, including mining, shipping, generation and transmission, are within the Adani empire.

Corporate malpractice: Adani Power Limited has also been involved in a malpractice termed over-invoicing, whereby companies use intermediaries to artificially inflate the costs of imported raw material (coal import via sea route) and based on those inflated costs Adani charged higher power tariffs than were justified by their actual cost of production, thereby shifting the burden of the price on the customers.