The Trans Mountain Pipeline expansion poses a grave threat to Indigenous people, as described in this letter written by several NGOs and groups of Indigenous people to 28 banks who were, at the time, involved in financing the project. The parallels with the struggle over the Dakota Access Pipeline are clear, leading to questions about whether the Trans Mountain conflict may become the “Standing Rock of the North.”

The Trans Mountain project does not have the Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) of the Indigenous people it will affect. First Nations groups that would be directly impacted by the route and port terminal are fighting the project in the courts and leading heated protests on the ground. As of July 2019, Tsleil-Waututh Nation, Squamish Nation, Ts’elxweyeqw tribes, Shxw’owhamel Nation, Coldwater Indian Band and Stk’emlupsemc te Secwepemc Nation were involved in multiple legal challenges to the pipeline’s construction. and direct action campaigns have been ongoing. The Tsleil-Waututh established a “Watch House” on their territory to monitor and resist construction; Secwepemc women have established the “Tiny House Warriors,” small, mobile houses built to reoccupy Secwepemc territory and prevent pipeline construction. The Tiny House Warriors are a group of Secwepemc and Ktunaxa people positioned along the route to peacefully protest Trans Mountain from crossing unceded Secwepemc Territory. This group of primarily women was violently attacked in April, 2020 and their memorial of red dresses for missing and murdered Indigenous women and girls was destroyed. Detailed reports, such as Standing Rock of the North and Assessment of the Trans Mountain Pipeline and Tanker Expansion Proposal outline, in detail, crucial elements of Indigenous opposition to the project.

In December 2019, a cease and desist order for TMX was sent from the United Nations Committee for the  Elimination of Racial Discrimination to Canada.396 The committee explicitly expressed that: “by the refusal [of Canada] to consider Free, Prior and Informed Consent [FPIC] as a requirement for any measure, such as large-scale development projects, that [Canada] may cause irreparable harm to indigenous peoples rights, culture, lands, territories and way of life.”The government has not taken any action. Since then, TMC has entered Indigenous Mutual Benefits Agreements with 69 First Nations but disregards other Indigenous People and does not once refer to the FPIC. In reaction, Indigenous People are more determined than ever to own a share of the Pipeline to ensure their rights are protected. 

Projects like TMEP pose particular risks for Indigenous women. Construction work is impacting environmental features integral to Indigenous women’s identity and culture by harming their sacred relationship to both water and Mother Earth. The temporary male housing sites used for pipeline construction workers (called "man camps") are linked to increased abuse and safety threats to Indigenous women, girls and two-spirit people, contributing to the Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women, Girls and Two-Spirit People epidemic. The housing of mostly out-of-state workers in the camps poses additional risks in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic.

As noted by the Treaty Alliance Against the Tar Sands, the expansion of the Canadian tar sands would lead to increased destruction and poisoning of lands, waters and air on Indigenous territory.  There is widespread opposition to tar sands expansion among these groups, who are committed to fighting the pipelines which make such expansion profitable.

The extraction and refinement of oil sands release copious amounts of greenhouse gases. Oil sands are difficult to remove from the ground and must be upgraded into synthetic crude to be useful. Producing a single barrel of synthetic oil may release up to three times as much carbon dioxide as producing a barrel of conventional crude. The expansion project would triple the pipeline's transport capacity to 890,000 barrels per day. 

For Canada to fully exploit its oil sands resources and still meet its climate goals, according to one study, the country would need to reduce emissions in every other sector (including transportation, waste, and agriculture) by more than half. The burden of avoiding catastrophic climate change would move away from the real culprits - the fossil fuel industry. 

The TMEP would draw heavily on supply from the Alberta tar sands in Canada. These bitumen deposits require a lot of effort to extract, and process before the oil can be sent to conventional refineries. Most of the current extraction process takes place in open-pit mines, with massive machinery scraping up the tarry sandstone and moving it to facilities for processing. The heavy crude is found mixed with sand, clay, and water, which must be removed, then the heavy crude must be "upgraded" to reduce viscosity and improve quality (The Atlantic, Greenpeace). This extraction process has a heavy carbon footprint and has a a devastating effect on land, producing massive amounts of toxic byproducts.

The existing and proposed pipelines ship diluted bitumen through an extremely sensitive environmental region. The tankers have to pass through a very narrow channel of shallow water to reach the open sea, posing a major threat to an endangered population of orcas (the iconic “killer whales” beloved across the world, and culturally significant for the Tsleil-Waututh people).

The original Trans Mountain Pipeline has a controversial history of oil spills; in the period 1961-2016 there were 81 reported incidents. A July 2017 Greenpeace report concluded that oil spilled into bodies of water is difficult to fully clean up, posing serious risks to human health and the environment,. Diluted bitumen transported from Canada’s tar sands represents a particular threat to water resources along the routes of proposed pipelines.